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Quantum Dots
 AE Quantum Dots ™

32.4 (A)/00.022


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Safety, research, uses and properties for AE Quantum DotsT are discussed below.  American Elements is a manufacturer and supplier specializing in producing quantum dots from several semiconductor materials, including Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide (CdSe/ZnS), Lead Selenide (PbSe) and Zinc Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide (ZnCdSe/ZnS) nanoparticles with well-defined peak emission frequencies between approximately 470 to 730 nm wavelengths.

What are quantum dots? Quantum dots are nanoparticles of certain semiconductor crystals with the novel property of having an extremely narrow emission spectrum (Gaussian Distribution) that is directly proportional to the particle's size. The smaller the particle the more its emission is blue shifted and conversely the larger the particle size, the more its emission is red shifted, thus allowing for the emission of the complete light spectra of color from the same material. Thin film deposition of Silicon Nanoparticle quantum dots on the polycrystalline silicon substrate of a photovoltaic (solar) cell increases voltage output as much as 60% by fluorescing the incoming light prior to capture.

How do quantum dots work? When Quantum Dots (essentially nanocrystals of certain semiconductors) are excited the wavelength of light emitted is controlled by the relationship between the size of the nanocrystal and the level of confinement of the electrons within the particle. Thus, Quantum Dots have the unique ability to emit light representing the entire rainbow of colors from the same elemental material based solely on the size of the particles of that material being excited. The smaller the particle, the more the inter band gap is blue shifted. By narrowly controlling the particles distribution (PSD) of the quantum dot crystals to within 10 nanometers, discreet colors can be emitted with wave lengths representing the entire visible spectra. Prior to quantum dots, light emitting semiconductors, such as light emitting diodes (LED), could not emit white light. With the development of quantum dots with particle size distributions less than 500 nanometers (nm), LED emissions in the blue range can be achieved which may allow for the commercial use of solid state semiconductors to generate luminescent light.

What are the current and future uses and applications for quantum dots? The most exciting potential use forquantum dots, but still in its infancy in terms of development, is the potential to turn light emitting diodes (LED) from merely display devises to illumination devices creating the first solid state lighting sources. The resulting revolution could be compared to Thomas Edison's original invention of the light bulb; the technology which LED lighting would certainly render obsolete. The life of a solid state lighting source would be hundreds of times longer the current incandescent bulb.  The level of efficiency and therefore the energy required to generate light would be substantially less. Additionally, the world would be a very different looking place given the ability to illuminate from any two dimensional surface. Further in the future researchers are theorizing the potential to create Paint-On Lighting. Other unique uses for Quantum Dots include numerous bio-sensor and medical tracing applications where the high luminescence and stability make them potentially superior to isotopes. In solar energy, Lead Selenide Quantum Dots can generate a substantially wider band gap then any other photovoltaic semiconductor. Thin film deposition of Silicon Nanoparticle quantum dots on the polycrystalline silicon substrate of a photovoltaic (solar) cell increases voltage output as much as 60% by fluorescing the incoming light prior to capture. Quantum Dots are also being explored for use in future quantum computing.

Safety. All AE Quantum DotT products are delivered with a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) describing the safety guidelines and handling recommendations established for that material.

What are the properties and specifications for AE Quantum Dots? American Elements manufactures the following forms of Quantum Dots:

Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Quantum Dots - CdTe Quantum Dots have the widest wavelength range reaching sizes as small as less then 500 nm; within the range sufficient to emit light in the blue-white range. Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dots are charged aqueous soluble particles with narrow emission spectra from 490 nm to 740 nm.

Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide (CdSe/ZnS) Quantum Dots - CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots are core-shell structured inorganic nanocrystals where an inner core of Zinc Selenide is encapsulated in an outer core of wider band gap Cadmium Selenide. Wavelengths range from 520 to 620 nm.

Lead Selenide (PbSe) Quantum Dots - PbSe Quantum Dots have found application in photovoltaic semiconductors for solar energy applications because of their extremely wide band gap.

Zinc Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide (ZnCdSe/ZnS) Quantum Dots - ZnCdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots are smallest available average particle size (D50 > 440 nm) enabling them to emit the bluest to white light and therefore making them the best demonstrated candidate for solid state luminescent devises.



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Recent Research & Development for Quantum Dots

  • The Influence of Surface Trapping and Dark States on the Fluorescence Emission Efficiency and Lifetime of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots.
    J Fluoresc. 2007 Aug 10; [Epub ahead of print]

  • Polymer coating of quantum dots - A powerful tool toward diagnostics and sensorics.
    Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2007 Jun 15; [Epub ahead of print]

  • From diagnostics to therapy: Prospects of quantum dots.
    Clin Biochem. 2007 Jun 29; [Epub ahead of print]

  • Biological applications of quantum dots.
    Biomaterials. 2007 Aug 6; [Epub ahead of print]

  • Biodistribution of Quantum Dot Nanoparticles in Perfused Skin: Evidence of Coating Dependency and Periodicity in Arterial Extraction.
    Nano Lett. 2007 Aug 9; [Epub ahead of print]

  • Effect of temperature on the growth of InAs/GaAs quantum dots grown on a strained GaAs layer.
    J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2007 Aug; [PubMed - in process]

  • Hybrid white-light emitting-LED based on luminescent polyfluorene polymer and quantum dots.
    J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2007 Aug; [PubMed - in process]

  • Semiconductor quantum dots for in vivo imaging.
    J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2007 Aug; [PubMed - in process]

  • Two-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Assay for Ligand-Receptor Binding: Cell Membrane Nanopatches Containing the Human mu-Opioid Receptor.
    Anal Chem. 2007 Aug 8; [Epub ahead of print] [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Quantum computers based on electron spins controlled by ultrafast off-resonant single optical pulses.
    Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Jul 27; [PubMed - in process]

  • Stabilization of the Electron-Nuclear Spin Orientation in Quantum Dots by the Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction.
    Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Jul 20; [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Coherent Control of Interacting Electrons in Quantum Dots via Navigation in the Energy Spectrum.
    Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Jul 20; PMID: 17678312 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Nonequilibrium nuclear-electron spin dynamics in semiconductor quantum dots.
    Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Jul 20; [PubMed - in process]

  • Self-polarization and dynamical cooling of nuclear spins in double quantum dots.
    Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Jul 20; [PubMed - in process]

  • Energy gaps and interaction blockade in confined quantum systems.
    Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Jul 6; [PubMed - in process]

  • Direct Measurement of the Spin-Orbit Interaction in a Two-Electron InAs Nanowire Quantum Dot.
    Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Jun 29;98(26):266801. Epub 2007 Jun 26. PMID: 17678116 [PubMed - in process]

  • Electromagnetic-field-induced suppression of transport through n-p junctions in graphene.
    Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Jun 22; [PubMed - in process]

  • Nonmonotonic field dependence of damping and reappearance of Rabi oscillations in quantum dots.
    Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Jun 1; [PubMed - in process]

  • Cubic Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling in 2D electron quantum dots.
    Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Jun 1; [PubMed - in process]

  • Exact and quasiresonances in discrete water wave turbulence.
    Phys Rev Lett. 2007 May 25; [PubMed - in process]


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